Artificial Intelligence is the study of how to make
computers do things which, at moment, people do better.
AI is the effort to
deploy computer based systems (both hardware and software) that behave as
humans. Such systems would be able to learn natural languages, accomplish
coordinated physical tasks (robotics), use a perceptual apparatus that informs
their physical behavior and language (visual and oral perceptual systems), and
emulate human expertise and decision making (expert systems). It has grown from a small-scale
laboratory science into a technological and industrial success. One of the
intelligent techniques well known to the world is Expert Systems. Expert systems are
constructed by obtaining this knowledge from a human expert and coding it into
a form that a computer may apply to similar problems.
VARIOUS BRANCHES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE:
Logical Artificial Intelligence: What a program knows
about the world in general the facts of the specific situation in which it must
act and its goals are all represented by sentences of some mathematical logical
language. The program decides what to do by inferring that certain actions are
appropriate for achieving its goals.
Pattern recognition: When
a program makes observations of some kind, it is often programmed to
compare what it sees with a pattern. For example, a vision program may
try to match a pattern of eyes and nose in a scene in order to find a
face. Other patterns, example natural language text, in chess position
etc.
Search: As programs examine large numbers of possibilities as moves
in a chess game or inferences by a theorem proving program.
Common Sense Knowledge and Reasoning: This is the area in which
Artificial Intelligence is farthest from human level. e.g, the CYE system
contains a large but spotty collection of common sense facts.
Learning from Experience:
The approach
of Artificial Intelligence based on connectionism and neural networks
specialized in that.
Planning: Planning programs start with general
facts about the world, facts about the particular situation and the statement
of a goal. From these they generate a strategy for achieving the goal.
Epistemology: This is a study of the kinds of
knowledge that are required for solving problems in the world.
Heuristics: A heuristic is a technique that
improves the efficiency of a search process, the possibility by sacrificing the
claims
Inferences: From some facts others can be
inferred.